As discussed in Section 2 Chapter 6, the Authority prescribed benign environment contemporary crash protection standard is the sum of the following:
Airworthiness design requirements provided by the latest amendment of the:
relevant FAR or CS, plus
the alternate relevant FAR or CS requirements that provide an increase to the level of crash protection, plus
Additional design requirements specified in the operational regulations of the:
relevant FAR, CS or EU CAT, plus
the alternate relevant FAR, CS or EU CAT requirements that provide an increase to the level of crash protection.
Table 6–A–1 lists the airworthiness design requirement clauses from the FARs/CSs that provide crash protection requirements. Tables 6–A–2 through 6–A–5 list the operational regulation clauses from the FARs and EU CAT. Note that some of the clauses in each table also include design requirements that are not related to crash protection. Section 5 chapter 2 of this manual should also be consulted to include relevant Authority prescribed requirements for Aeronautical Life Support Equipment (ALSE).
Table 6–A–1 FAR/CS 23, 25, 27 and 29 Crash Protection Clauses
|
Subject |
FAR/CS |
FAR/CS |
FAR/CS |
FAR/CS |
|
Subpart C – Structure |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergency Landing Conditions |
|
|
|
|
|
General |
23.561(2) |
25.561 |
27.561 |
29.561 |
|
Emergency landing dynamic conditions |
23.562 |
25.562(2) |
27.562 |
29.562 |
|
Structural ditching provisions |
|
25.563 |
27.563 |
29.563 |
|
Subpart D – Design and Construction |
|
|
|
|
|
General |
|
|
|
|
|
Fitting Factors |
23.625 |
25.625 |
27.625 |
29.625 |
|
Landing Gear |
|
|
|
|
|
General |
23.721 |
25.721 |
|
|
|
Shock absorption tests |
23.723 |
25.723 |
27.723 |
29.723 |
|
Limit drop test |
23.725 |
|
27.725 |
29.725 |
|
Ground load dynamic tests |
23.726 |
|
|
|
|
Reserve energy absorption drop test |
23.727 |
|
27.727 |
29.727 |
|
Personnel and Cargo Accommodations |
|
|
|
|
|
Pilot compartment doors |
|
25.772 |
|
|
|
Fuselage doors |
23.783 |
25.783 |
27.783 |
29.783 |
|
Seats, berths, safety belts and harnesses |
23.785(3) |
25.785(2) |
27.785 |
29.785 |
|
Stowage compartments |
23.787 |
25.787 |
27.787 |
29.787 |
|
Retention of items of mass in passenger and crew compartments and galleys |
|
25.789 |
|
|
|
Passenger information signs and placards |
23.791 |
25.791 |
|
|
|
Floor surfaces |
|
25.793 |
|
|
|
Emergency Provisions |
|
|
|
|
|
Ditching |
|
25.801 |
27.801 |
29.801 |
|
Emergency evacuation |
23.803 |
25.803 |
|
29.803 |
|
Flight crew emergency exits |
23.805 |
|
27.805 |
29.805 |
|
Emergency exits |
23.807 |
25.807 |
27.807 |
29.807 |
|
Emergency exit arrangement |
|
25.809(2) |
|
29.809 |
|
Emergency egress assist means and escape routes |
|
25.810 |
|
|
|
Emergency exit marking |
23.811 |
25.811 |
|
29.811 |
|
Emergency lighting |
23.812 |
25.812 |
|
29.812 |
|
Emergency exit access |
23.813 |
25.813(4) |
|
29.813 |
|
Width of aisle |
23.815 |
25.815 |
|
29.815 |
|
Maximum number of seats abreast |
|
25.817 |
|
|
|
Lower deck service compartments (including galleys) |
|
25.819 |
|
|
|
Fire Protection |
|
|
|
|
|
Fire extinguishers |
23.851 |
25.851 |
|
29.851 |
|
Compartment interiors |
23.853 |
25.853 |
27.853(5) |
29.853 |
|
Cargo or baggage compartments |
23.855(2) |
25.855 |
27.855 |
29.855 |
|
Thermal/Acoustic insulation materials |
23.856(2) |
25.856 |
|
|
|
Flammable fluid fire protection |
23.863 |
25.863 |
27.863 |
29.863 |
|
Fire protection: systems |
|
25.869 |
|
|
|
Subpart E – Powerplant |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel System |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel system crash resistance |
|
|
27.952 |
29.952 |
|
Fuel tanks: general |
23.963 |
25.963(4) |
27.963 |
29.963 |
|
Fuel tank installations |
23.967(3) |
25.967 |
|
|
|
Fuel tank filler connection |
|
|
27.973 |
29.973 |
|
Fuel tank vents |
|
|
27.975 |
29.975 |
|
Fuel tank ignition prevention |
|
25.981(2) |
|
|
|
Fuel System Components |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel system lines and fittings |
23.993 |
25.993 |
27.993 |
29.993 |
|
Fuel system components |
23.994 |
25.994 |
|
|
|
Fuel valves |
|
25.995 |
|
29.995 |
|
Fuel strainer or filter |
23.997 |
25.997 |
27.997 |
29.997 |
|
Fuel system drains |
23.999 |
25.999 |
27.999 |
29.999 |
|
Oil System |
|
|
|
|
|
Oil tanks |
|
25.1013 |
|
|
|
Oil lines and fittings |
|
25.1017 |
|
|
|
Exhaust System |
|
|
|
|
|
General |
|
25.1121 |
|
29.1121 |
|
Powerplant Fire Protection |
|
|
|
|
|
Flammable Fluids |
|
25.1185 |
|
|
|
Firewalls |
|
25.1191 |
|
29.1191 |
|
Cowling and nacelle skin |
23.1193 |
25.1193 |
|
29.1193 |
|
Subpart F – Equipment |
|
|
|
|
|
Electrical Systems and Equipment |
|
|
|
|
|
Electrical system fire and smoke protection |
23.1359 |
|
|
29.1359 |
|
Electrical supplies for emergency conditions |
|
25.1362 |
|
|
|
Safety Equipment |
|
|
|
|
|
General |
23.1411 |
25.1411 |
27.1411 |
29.1411 |
|
Safety Belts |
|
|
27.1413 |
29.1413 |
|
Ditching equipment |
23.1415 |
25.1415 |
27.1415 |
29.1415 |
|
Megaphones |
|
25.1421 |
|
|
|
Public address system |
|
25.1423 |
|
|
|
Miscellaneous Equipment |
|
|
|
|
|
Protective breathing equipment |
|
25.1439 |
|
29.1439 |
|
Fire protection for oxygen equipment |
23.1451 |
|
|
|
|
Protection of oxygen equipment from rupture |
23.1453 |
25.1453 |
|
|
|
Subpart G – Operating Limitations and Information |
|
|
|
|
|
Marking and Placards |
|
|
|
|
|
Miscellaneous markings and placards |
23.1557 |
25.1557 |
27.1557 |
29.1557 |
|
Safety equipment |
23.1561 |
25.1561 |
27.1561 |
29.1561 |
As at the latest amendment status, with exception of FAR/CS 23 for which FAR 23 Amdt. 23-63 and CS 23 Amendment 4 apply (DASDRM Section 1 Chapter 3 refers).
CS clause should be supplemented with the FAR clause
FAR clause should be supplemented with the CS clause
Resultant clause should be a combination of both the FAR and CS clause
Supplement with the FAR/CS 29 clause
Table 6–A–2 FAR 91 – General Operating and Flight Rules – Applicable to All Operations
|
Subject |
Clause |
|
Subpart B – Flight Rules |
|
|
Flight crewmembers at stations |
91.105 |
|
Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems |
91.107 |
|
Subpart C – Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements |
|
|
Instrument and equipment requirements |
91.205 |
|
Emergency locator Transmitters |
91.207 |
|
Subpart F – Large and Turbine-Powered Multiengine Airplanes and Fractional Ownership Program Aircraft |
|
|
Survival equipment for overwater operations |
91.509 |
|
Emergency equipment |
91.513 |
|
Passenger information |
91.517 |
|
Passenger briefing |
91.519 |
|
Shoulder Harness |
91.521 |
|
Flight attendant requirements |
91.533 |
|
Stowage of food, beverage, and passenger service equipment during aircraft movement on the surface, takeoff and landing |
91.535 |
|
Subpart G – Additional Equipment and Operating Requirements for Large and Transport Category Aircraft |
|
|
Emergency exits for airplanes carrying passengers for hire |
91.607 |
|
Materials for compartment interiors |
91.613 |
Table 6–A–3 FAR 121 – Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag and Supplemental Operations – Applicable for Large Passenger Transport Aircraft
|
Subject |
FAR 121 |
EU CAT |
|
Subpart G – Manuals Requirements |
|
|
|
Manual contents |
121.135 |
|
|
Subpart J – Special Airworthiness Requirements |
|
|
|
Cabin interiors |
121.215 |
|
|
Internal doors |
121.217 |
CAT.IDE.A.215 |
|
Fire precautions |
121.221 |
CAT.IDE.A.250 |
|
Proof of compliance with 121.221 |
121.223 |
|
|
Location of fuel tanks |
121.229 |
|
|
Fuel system lines and fittings |
121.231 |
|
|
Fuel lines and fittings in designated fire zones |
121.233 |
|
|
Fuel valves |
121.235 |
|
|
Oil lines and fittings in designated fire zones |
121.237 |
|
|
Lines and fittings |
121.259 |
|
|
Vent and drain lines |
121.261 |
|
|
Fire-extinguishing system materials |
121.271 |
|
|
Carriage of cargo in passenger compartments |
121.285 |
CAT.OP.MPA.160 |
|
Subpart K – Instrument and Equipment Requirements |
|
|
|
Emergency equipment |
121.309 |
CAT.OP.MPA.170 |
|
Additional emergency equipment |
121.310 |
CAT.IDE.100 |
|
Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses |
121.311 |
CAT.IDE.A.205 |
|
Materials for compartment interiors |
121.312 |
|
|
Miscellaneous equipment |
121.313 |
CAT.IDE.A.215 |
|
Fuel Tanks |
121.316 |
|
|
Passenger information requirements, smoking prohibitions, and additional seat belt requirements |
121.317 |
CAT.OP.MPA.170 |
|
Public address system |
121.318 |
CAT.IDE.A.180 |
|
Crewmember interphone system |
121.319 |
CAT.IDE.A.175 |
|
Protective breathing equipment |
121.337 |
CAT.IDE.A.245 |
|
Emergency equipment for extended over-water operations |
121.339 |
CAT.IDE.A.285 |
|
Emergency flotation means |
121.340 |
CAT.IDE.A.285 |
|
Emergency equipment for operations over uninhabited terrain areas |
121.353 |
CAT.IDE.A.305 |
|
Subpart T – Flight Operations |
|
|
|
Briefing passengers before takeoff |
121.571 |
CAT.OP.MPA.170 |
|
Briefing passengers: Extended overwater operations |
121.573 |
|
|
Retention of items of mass in passenger and crew compartments |
121.576 |
CAT.OP.MPA.230 |
|
Stowage of food, beverage, and passenger service equipment during airplane movement on the surface, takeoff and landing |
121.577 |
|
|
Exit seating |
121.585 |
|
|
Carry-on baggage |
121.589 |
CAT.OP.MPA.160 |
|
Emergency Medical Equipment |
121.803 |
CAT.IDE.A.220 |
Table 6–A–4 FAR 125 – Certification and Operations: Airplanes Having a Seating Capacity of 20 or More Passengers or a Maximum Payload Capacity of 6000 Pounds or More: and Rules Governing Persons On Board Such Aircraft – Applicable to Passenger, Cargo or Mixed Load Aircraft of the Sizes Described
|
Subject |
Clause |
|
Subpart E – Special Airworthiness Requirements |
|
|
Cabin Interiors |
125.113 |
|
Fire Precautions |
125.119 |
|
Location of Fuel Tanks |
125.127 |
|
Fuel System Lines and Fittings |
125.129 |
|
Fuel Valves |
125.133 |
|
Oil Valves |
125.137 |
|
Firewall construction |
125.145 |
|
Engine accessory section diaphragm |
125.149 |
|
Lines and fittings |
125.157 |
|
Carriage of Cargo in Passenger Compartments |
125.183 |
|
Demonstration of Emergency Evacuation Procedures |
125.189 |
|
Subpart F – Instrument and Equipment Requirements |
|
|
Emergency Equipment Requirements |
125.207 |
|
Emergency Equipment: Extended Overwater Operations |
125.209 |
|
Seat and Safety Belts |
125.211 |
|
Miscellaneous Equipment |
125.213 |
|
Passenger Information |
125.217 |
|
Subpart J – Flight Operations |
|
|
Briefing of Passengers Before Flight |
125.327 |
|
Stowage of Food, Beverage, and Passenger Service Equipment During Airplane Movement on the Surface, Takeoff, and Landing |
125.333 |
|
Subpart M – Continued Airworthiness and Safety Improvements |
|
|
Flammability Reduction Means |
125.509 |
Table 6–A–5 FAR 135 – Operating Requirements: Commuter and On Demand Operations and Rules Governing Persons On Board Such Aircraft – Applicable to All Operations
|
Subject |
Clause |
|
Subpart B – Flight Operations |
|
|
Carriage of cargo including carry-on baggage |
135.87 |
|
Briefing of passengers before flight |
135.117 |
|
Emergency and emergency evacuation duties |
135.123 |
|
Use of safety belts and child restraint systems |
135.128 |
|
Exit seating |
135.129 |
|
Subpart C – Aircraft and Equipment |
|
|
Public address and crewmember interphone systems |
135.150 |
|
Fire extinguishers: Passenger-carrying aircraft |
135.155 |
|
Emergency equipment: Extended overwater operations |
135.167 |
|
Additional airworthiness requirements |
135.169 |
|
Materials for compartment interiors |
135.170 |
|
Shoulder harness installation at flight crewmember stations |
135.171 |
|
Emergency equipment requirements for aircraft having a passenger seating configuration of more than 19 passengers |
135.177 |
|
Additional emergency equipment |
135.178 |
The FAA issues additional guidance material in the form of Advisory Circulars (ACs). EASA Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) perform a similar function. These provide a means to demonstrate compliance with certain clauses of the FARs/CSs. AMC is issued with the CSs and frequently refers to related FAA ACs. The FAA ACs are separate documents. The following ACs are relevant to crash protection.
AC 25-9A–Smoke Detection, Penetration and Evacuation Tests and Related Flight Manual Emergency Procedures covers smoke and smoke dispersal requirements.
AC 25-16–Electrical Fault and Fire Prevention and Protection provides acceptable means to minimise the potential and effects of electrical faults, overheat, smoke and fire.
AC 25-17A–Transport Airplane Cabin Interiors Crashworthiness Handbook is a general AC covering the applicable cabin interior crashworthiness requirements of FAR 25. This AC does not include crashworthiness aspects such as fuel tank/system design, fuselage deformation and prevention of post-crash fires, but does incorporate guidance in seat/restraint system design, fire extinguishing, safety equipment and oxygen equipment. Appendix 3 of this AC provides a list of applicable FAA cabin interior crashworthiness ACs.
AC 23.562-1–Dynamic Testing of Part 23 Airplane Seat/Restraint Systems and Occupant Protection provides guidance for demonstrating compliance with the FARs applicable to the dynamic testing of aircraft seats and occupant protection (e.g. 23.562, 23.785, and 23.787).
AC 25.562-1B–Dynamic Evaluation of Seat Restraint Systems and Occupant Protection on Transport Airplanes provides guidance for demonstrating compliance with the FARs applicable to the dynamic testing of aircraft seats and occupant protection (e.g. 25.562, 25.785, 25.787, and 25.789).
AC 25.783-1A–Fuselage Doors, Hatches and Exits provides guidance for demonstrating compliance with the structural and functional safety standards of fuselage doors and their operating systems.
AC 25.785-1B–Flight Attendant Seat and Torso Restraint System Installations provides design requirements particular to flight attendant seating.
AC 25.803-1–Emergency Evacuation Demonstrations discusses both full scale testing and analysis / test combinations as a means of compliance with FAR 25.803.
AC 25.807-1–Uniform Distribution of Exits provides guidance for demonstrating compliance with the FAR 25.807(c) requirement of uniform distribution of required emergency exits.
AC 25.812-1A/-2–Floor Proximity Emergency Escape Path Marking Systems provides guidance for demonstrating compliance with the FAR 25.812. AC 25.812-2 specifically discusses photo luminescent elements.
AC 25.853-1–Flammability Requirements for Aircraft Seat Cushions provides guidance for demonstrating compliance with the requirements of the FARs pertaining to flammability of aircraft seat cushions.
AC 25.856-1–Thermal / Acoustic Insulation Flame Propagation Test Method Details provides guidance for demonstrating compliance with 25.856a and part VI of Appendix F to FAR 25.
AC 25.856-2A–Installation of Thermal/Acoustic Insulation for Burnthrough Protection provides guidance for demonstrating compliance with FAR 25.856b and part VII of Appendix F to FAR 25.
AC 25.994-1–Design Considerations to Protect Fuel Systems during a Wheels-Up Landing provides guidance for demonstrating compliance with the requirements of FAR 25.994 and protecting fuel system components located in the engine nacelles and the fuselage.
AC 20-135–Powerplant Installation and Propulsion System Component Fire Protection Test Methods, Standards and Criteria provides guidance for demonstrating compliance with the powerplant fire protection requirements of FARs 23 through 29 and testing to define if a material is ‘fireproof’ or ‘fire resistant’.
AC 120-47–Survival Equipment for use in Overwater Operations provides information regarding the survival equipment that should be carried during aircraft extended overwater operations.
The FAA has produced ACs 27-1B – Certification of Normal Category Rotorcraft and 29-2C–Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft. These ACs provide guidance for demonstrating compliance with certification requirements in FARs 27 and 29 respectively. This inherently includes consideration for all the crash protection principles covered in this Chapter. For instance, AC 27-1B contains subsections providing guidance for demonstrating compliance with seat/restraint system dynamic impact testing, fire protection, structural strength requirements, etc.